The issue with green substrates is the potential for drying shrinkage. A site mixed sand and cement screed used in wet areas and shower bases is significantly less likely to shrink than concrete as it is generally mixed with a lot less water and if installed correctly, compacted better than concrete. This is the reason the "wet bed" method is successful, screed doesn't really shrink as it's curing. A cement based adhesive, whether it includes a rubber crumb filler or not is generally ok to use on a 24 hour old screed. However, you should rely on the manufacturers data sheets for guidance.

Most certainly you shouldn't tile over green concrete. I'm sure you can imagine what happens when the concrete slab is a bit smaller 2 weeks after you layed and grouted the tiles